Documentation

Habitat Hub datasets & indicators

Authoritative documentation for Habitat Hub datasets and indicators, with consistent fields for description, methods, units, resolution, source, and licence.

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Subgroups

The indicators in this category were selected based on the MITECO methodology for estimating Occupied Area rates of change (Juez et al., 2019).

Land cover
CLC+ Backbone
Description of the parameter
Corine Land Cover Plus Backbone: harmonized 10 m land-cover backbone product from Copernicus Land Monitoring. Available for reference years 2018, 2021, and 2023.
Calculation method
Directly sourced from the published CLC Plus Backbone dataset; no additional calculations beyond reprojection/tiling for the Habitat Data Hub domain.
Measure units
Land-cover class codes.
Native resolution
10 m native grid (CLC Plus Backbone specification).
Source
Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, CLC Plus Backbone (land.copernicus.eu/products/clc-backbone).
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLC Plus Backbone), European Environment Agency (EEA); open data, attribution required.
CLC+ Predicted
Description of the parameter
Predicted CLC+ backbone land-cover classes for areas lacking official observations, generated by a habitat embedding regression model.
Calculation method
Habitat embedding regression model trained on CLC+ backbone and auxiliary predictors (Sentinel-2 features, terrain, soil); outputs predicted class estimates at 10 m.
Measure units
Land-cover class codes.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS modeling pipeline (Habitat embedding regression model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus and OpenPAS data licensing.
Aggregated conservation status
Aggregated conservation status - occupied area
1. Locate habitat cellsOfficial habitat polygons are intersected with a 1 km assessment grid.
2. Read fixed variablesOnly the approved occupied-area variables listed below are used.
3. Score by habitat percentilesEach value is compared only with cells where the same habitat occurs.
4. Average and classifyValid variable scores are averaged and translated to FV, U1, U2 or XX.

How values are judged

pressure_lowLow percentiles are worse. Used for habitat cover.
anomalyThe centre of the habitat distribution is best; both tails are riskier.
contextStored for interpretation, but weight is 0 and it does not affect the score.

Because expert favourable-reference thresholds are not yet available for every habitat and variable, the method uses habitat-specific percentiles as a transparent screening rule.

Pillar thresholds

StatusMeaningScore
FVFavourable0.70-1.00
U1Inadequate0.40-0.69
U2Bad0.00-0.39
XXUnknownNo valid score
Description of the parameter
Conservation status for the occupied-area pillar. It answers a simple question: in each 1 km grid cell where a habitat is present, does the amount of habitat and its broad environmental setting look favourable, inadequate, bad or unknown?
Assessment unit
The spatial unit is a regular 1000 m grid in EPSG:3035 crossed with the official habitat cartography. The output has one row per AOI x grid cell x habitat code. If more than one habitat occurs in a grid cell, the cell is repeated once per habitat, so each habitat keeps its own score. Habitat fragments below 100 m2 in a grid cell are discarded.
Habitat inputs
Official habitat cartography registered in OpenPAS is used as the reference habitat presence layer. Current target habitats are 6110, 6210, 6220, 6230, 6310, 6410, 6510, and 6520. For each grid cell and habitat, the product stores habitat area and the percentage of the cell occupied by that habitat.
Variables, rules and weights
VariableValue calculatedEvaluation ruleWeight
habitat_cover_pctHabitat area inside the cell divided by grid-cell area, as percent.pressure_low: low cover is worse; high cover is better.1
clc_plusLand-cover context layer.context: not scored.0
clc_plus_predictedPredicted land-cover context layer.context: not scored.0
precip_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly: central habitat values are best; both tails are riskier.1
prcpRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
tavg_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
tavgRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
tminRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
tmaxRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
swiRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
scd_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
How each variable is scored
For a variable i, habitat h and grid cell g, the value is ranked within all valid cells of the same habitat: rank_i(g,h) goes from 0 for the lowest value to 1 for the highest. pressure_low uses score = rank. anomaly uses score = 1 - min(abs(rank - 0.5) / 0.5, 1). If fewer than 5 valid values exist for a variable and habitat, that variable is ignored for that habitat.
Weights and pillar score
All valid scoring variables have equal weight: weight_i = 1. Context variables have weight = 0. Missing or invalid variables are excluded rather than counted as zero. occupied_area_score = sum(weight_i * score_i) / sum(weight_i), with all valid scoring weights equal to 1. The field occupied_area_indicator_count records how many variables contributed.
Temporal reproducibility
The method uses the fixed approved variable list shown above. New layers added to the visor are ignored unless they replace one of those approved variables for a future assessment year. For future years, the same variables, scoring rules, weights, thresholds and output schema are reused with updated source-layer dates.
Raster extraction
Raster variables are extracted as zonal means per grid cell, ignoring nodata and masked pixels. Because the output is repeated by habitat code, the same cell-level raster value is assigned to each habitat present in that cell, but percentile ranking is calculated separately for each habitat code.
Status thresholds
FV is assigned when occupied_area_score >= 0.70, U1 when 0.40 <= score < 0.70, U2 when score < 0.40, and XX when no valid score is available. These thresholds are project screening thresholds, not formal Article 17 favourable reference values.
Published fields
Main fields include habitat_code, habitat_name, habitat_area_m2, habitat_cover_pct, occupied_area_score, occupied_area_status, occupied_area_status_code, overall_score, overall_status, confidence_score, and completeness/flag fields.
Source
Derived from OpenPAS registered datasets and official habitat cartography. No new external datasets are downloaded for this product.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and official habitat datasets.
Climate
Precipitation (baseline)
Description of the parameter
Historic annual precipitation total (1970–2000) derived from monthly WorldClim 2.1 climate normals. Used as a long-term baseline reference.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 monthly precipitation normals (1970–2000) summed to annual totals.
Measure units
Millimetres per year (mm/year).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 climate normals (Fick & Hijmans 2017), worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Precipitation (annual series)
Description of the parameter
Annual precipitation total per calendar year (2000–2024) from WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly data, enabling year-by-year monitoring and trend analysis.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly precipitation values summed to an annual total for each calendar year 2000–2024.
Measure units
Millimetres per year (mm/year).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 historical monthly climate data, worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Avg Temperature (baseline)
Description of the parameter
Historic mean annual temperature (1970–2000) derived from monthly WorldClim 2.1 climate normals. Used as a long-term baseline reference.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 monthly mean temperature normals (1970–2000) averaged to annual mean.
Measure units
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 climate normals (Fick & Hijmans 2017), worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Avg Temperature (annual series)
Description of the parameter
Mean annual temperature per calendar year (2000–2024) from WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly data, enabling year-by-year monitoring and trend analysis.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly mean temperature values averaged to an annual mean for each calendar year 2000–2024.
Measure units
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 historical monthly climate data, worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Min Temperature
Description of the parameter
Mean annual minimum temperature per calendar year (2000–2024) from WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly data, useful for characterising cold-stress conditions and frost risk.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly minimum temperature values averaged to an annual mean minimum for each calendar year 2000–2024.
Measure units
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 historical monthly climate data, worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Max Temperature
Description of the parameter
Mean annual maximum temperature per calendar year (2000–2024) from WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly data, useful for characterising heat-stress conditions and growing-season warmth.
Calculation method
WorldClim 2.1 historical monthly maximum temperature values averaged to an annual mean maximum for each calendar year 2000–2024.
Measure units
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km) WorldClim 2.1 grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
WorldClim version 2.1 historical monthly climate data, worldclim.org.
Licence of use
WorldClim 2.1 is free for academic/research and other non-commercial use with attribution; see worldclim.org/terms-of-use.
Water availability
SWI
Description of the parameter
Soil Water Index representing relative soil moisture conditions across the study regions.
Calculation method
Derived from satellite soil moisture time series and normalized to an index; reprojected to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Unitless index.
Native resolution
Source soil moisture products at kilometer-scale; resampled to the Habitat Data Hub 10 m grid for visualization.
Source
OpenPAS processing pipeline using satellite soil moisture products (see project data inventory).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Snow
Snow Cover Duration (SCD)
Description of the parameter
Mean snow cover duration (SCDmean): arithmetic mean of annual snow cover duration across the time series since hydrological year 2001, derived from daily MODIS-based Global SnowPack.
Calculation method
Global SnowPack processing on daily MODIS snow cover (since Feb 2000): cloud/polar-night gap filling, annual SCD computed for full/early/late season; SCDmean updated yearly as the mean across all hydrological years since 2001. No additional processing beyond reprojection/tiling for Habitat Data Hub.
Measure units
Days of snow cover per hydrological year (mean across years).
Native resolution
500 m native MODIS-derived Global SnowPack grid; aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
Global SnowPack v2 (DLR/EOC, MODIS daily snow cover); see Dietz et al. 2015 and DLR EOC Geoservice.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; attribute to "Global SnowPack v2, DLR/EOC (Dietz et al.), derived from MODIS snow cover."
Habitat cartography
THIC
Description of the parameter
Transnational Habitat Inventory and Cartography — polygon map of habitat types across each study region derived from field surveys and regional mapping programmes. Available years vary by region: Aracena (2024), Geres/Montesinho/Quercy (2017), Ordesa (2018), Zorita (2015).
Calculation method
Source habitat maps from national and regional inventory programmes; polygons reprojected and harmonized for display in the Habitat Data Hub.
Measure units
Polygon vector; habitat type codes (Habitats Directive / national classification).
Native resolution
Polygon vector at field survey scale (minimum mapping unit varies by region).
Source
National habitat cartography programmes per study region (Spain: Ministerio/regional agencies; Portugal: ICNB/ICNF; France: INPN/regional programmes).
Licence of use
Project data from national survey programmes; consult per-region data providers for reuse conditions.
Biogeographical regions
European biogeographical regions
Description of the parameter
Reference map of European biogeographical regions. It provides ecological context for interpreting habitat condition, because the same habitat type can occur under different broad climatic and ecological settings.
Calculation method
Official vector boundaries are harmonized for display in the Habitat Data Hub. The layer is static and does not change with the selected pilot region; it appears under Occupied Area for all AOIs.
Measure units
Polygon vector; categorical region names such as Atlantic, Mediterranean, Alpine or Continental.
Native resolution
European reference vector layer, displayed as PMTiles for fast map rendering.
Source
European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre biogeographical region reference data.
Licence of use
Reuse follows the attribution and licensing terms of the European reference dataset.
Topography
DEM
Description of the parameter
DTM representing ground-level altitude (no buildings/vegetation) across the domain.
Calculation method
National DTMs reprojected to ETRS89 / LAEA Europe (EPSG:3035), resampled to a common 10 m grid via cubic convolution, and mosaicked across borders without additional smoothing.
Measure units
Metres (m).
Native resolution
Spain: 5 m (MDT05, IGN–CNIG). Portugal: 2 m coastal MDT (DGT). France: 5 m (RGE ALTI®, IGN-F). Habitat Data Hub product: 10 m grid (EPSG:3035) via cubic resampling.
Source
Spain: MDT05, IGN–CNIG (Centro de Descargas). Portugal: MDT 2 m coastal, DGT (SNIG). France: RGE ALTI® DTM, IGN-F (Géoservices / open-data catalogues).
Licence of use
Derived from open governmental datasets: Spain MDT05 under Orden FOM/2807/2015 (CC BY 4.0–compatible, attribution required); Portugal MDT 2 m coastal under DGT open-data terms; France RGE ALTI® under Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0.
Aspect
Description of the parameter
Direction of maximum slope for each 10 m cell (azimuth).
Calculation method
Derived from the 10 m DTM using GRASS GIS r.slope.aspect on the resampled, mosaicked elevation surface (same reprojection and cubic resampling as DEM).
Measure units
Degrees azimuth (0–360).
Native resolution
Source DTMs: Spain 5 m (MDT05), Portugal 2 m coastal MDT, France 5 m (RGE ALTI®). Habitat Data Hub product: 10 m grid (EPSG:3035) via cubic resampling.
Source
Spain: MDT05, IGN–CNIG (Centro de Descargas). Portugal: MDT 2 m coastal, DGT (SNIG). France: RGE ALTI® DTM, IGN-F (Géoservices / open-data catalogues).
Licence of use
Derived from open governmental datasets: Spain MDT05 under Orden FOM/2807/2015 (CC BY 4.0–compatible, attribution required); Portugal MDT 2 m coastal under DGT open-data terms; France RGE ALTI® under Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0.
Slope
Description of the parameter
Inclination of the terrain surface (steepness) for each 10 m cell.
Calculation method
Computed from the 10 m DTM using GRASS GIS r.slope.aspect on the resampled, mosaicked elevation surface (same reprojection and cubic resampling as DEM).
Measure units
Degrees (0–90).
Native resolution
Source DTMs: Spain 5 m (MDT05), Portugal 2 m coastal MDT, France 5 m (RGE ALTI®). Habitat Data Hub product: 10 m grid (EPSG:3035) via cubic resampling.
Source
Spain: MDT05, IGN–CNIG (Centro de Descargas). Portugal: MDT 2 m coastal, DGT (SNIG). France: RGE ALTI® DTM, IGN-F (Géoservices / open-data catalogues).
Licence of use
Derived from open governmental datasets: Spain MDT05 under Orden FOM/2807/2015 (CC BY 4.0–compatible, attribution required); Portugal MDT 2 m coastal under DGT open-data terms; France RGE ALTI® under Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0.
Insolation
Description of the parameter
Average daily sunlight duration (hours/day) accounting for topography only.
Calculation method
Computed from the 10 m DTM using GRASS GIS r.sun; input elevation prepared with the same reprojection, mosaicking, and cubic resampling workflow used for DEM.
Measure units
Hours of sunlight per day.
Native resolution
Source DTMs: Spain 5 m (MDT05), Portugal 2 m coastal MDT, France 5 m (RGE ALTI®). Habitat Data Hub product: 10 m grid (EPSG:3035) via cubic resampling.
Source
Spain: MDT05, IGN–CNIG (Centro de Descargas). Portugal: MDT 2 m coastal, DGT (SNIG). France: RGE ALTI® DTM, IGN-F (Géoservices / open-data catalogues).
Licence of use
Derived from open governmental datasets: Spain MDT05 under Orden FOM/2807/2015 (CC BY 4.0–compatible, attribution required); Portugal MDT 2 m coastal under DGT open-data terms; France RGE ALTI® under Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0.
Soil analysis
Soil pH (0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Soil pH in water for the 0-30 cm depth interval, representing topsoil acidity/alkalinity.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled pH (H2O) 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
pH units (H2O).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) pH H2O 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Organic Carbon Stock (0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Total organic carbon stock in the topsoil (0-30 cm), expressed as mass of carbon per hectare.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled SOC stock layer for 0-30 cm depth; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Tonnes of organic carbon per hectare (t/ha).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) SOC stock 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Bulk Density (BDOD, 0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Soil bulk density for the 0-30 cm depth interval, describing soil compaction and porosity.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled bulk density (bdod) 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Centigrams per cubic centimeter (cg/cm³).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) bulk density 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
CEC (pH 7, 0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Cation exchange capacity at pH 7 for the 0-30 cm depth interval, indicating soil fertility and nutrient retention.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled CEC (pH 7) 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Millimoles of charge per kilogram (mmol(c)/kg).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) CEC 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Coarse Fragments (CFVO, 0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Volumetric fraction of coarse fragments (greater than 2 mm) in the 0-30 cm depth interval.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled coarse fragments (cfvo) 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Cubic centimeters per cubic decimeter (cm³/dm³).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) coarse fragments 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Clay Content (0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Clay fraction of the fine earth component for the 0-30 cm depth interval.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled clay content 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Grams per kilogram (g/kg).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) clay content 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Silt Content (0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Silt fraction of the fine earth component for the 0-30 cm depth interval.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled silt content 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Grams per kilogram (g/kg).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) silt content 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Sand Content (0-30 cm)
Description of the parameter
Sand fraction of the fine earth component for the 0-30 cm depth interval.
Calculation method
SoilGrids modeled sand content 0-30 cm layer; reprojected to EPSG:3035 and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Measure units
Grams per kilogram (g/kg).
Native resolution
SoilGrids native grid: 250 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid (EPSG:3035) for visualization.
Source
SoilGrids (ISRIC - World Soil Information) sand content 0-30 cm layer, soilgrids.org.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0; cite "SoilGrids by ISRIC - World Soil Information (soilgrids.org)" with attribution.
Eroded area
Soil Erosion (RUSLE)
Description of the parameter
Estimated mean annual soil loss by water erosion using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) methodology, providing a spatially explicit measure of erosion risk across the study areas.
Calculation method
JRC RUSLE2015 model combining rainfall erosivity (R factor), soil erodibility (K factor), slope length and steepness (LS factor), cover-management (C factor), and support practice (P factor) to estimate mean annual soil loss at 100 m resolution.
Measure units
Tonnes per hectare per year (t/ha/yr).
Native resolution
100 m grid (EPSG:3035); aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Source
JRC RUSLE2015 — European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), Joint Research Centre (esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/soil-erosion-water-rusle2015).
Licence of use
European Commission reuse policy; attribution required: "Source: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), European Commission."
Disturbances
BSI
Description of the parameter
Bare Soil Index emphasizing bare soil exposure and reducing vegetation signal. Useful as a proxy for disturbances to physical structure by fauna, grazing, or human activity.
Calculation method
((SWIR + Red) - (NIR + Blue)) / ((SWIR + Red) + (NIR + Blue)) using Sentinel-2 bands B11, B4, B8, B2; 20 m bands resampled to 10 m.
Measure units
Unitless index (higher values indicate more exposed soil).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 B2/B4/B8 at 10 m, B11 at 20 m resampled to 10 m; output grid 10 m/pixel (EPSG:3035).
Source
Copernicus Sentinel-2 Level-2A MSI surface reflectance (ESA/Copernicus).
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).
Road Density
Description of the parameter
Weighted road and trail density surface derived from OpenStreetMap highway features. Each road type is assigned an ecological impact weight (0.05–1.0) reflecting its disturbance intensity on the landscape.
Calculation method
OSM highway geometries queried via the Overpass API, densified to sample points every resolution_m metres, and binned into a raster grid using per-type impact weights (motorway = 1.0, footway = 0.05). Output smoothed with a Gaussian kernel (σ = 250 m) and scaled to weighted-km/km² within a 500 m search radius.
Measure units
Weighted kilometres of road per square kilometre (weighted-km/km²).
Native resolution
100 m grid (EPSG:3035); aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Source
OpenStreetMap contributors (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL); processed as an OpenPAS road-density layer.
Licence of use
Open Database Licence (ODbL); attribution required: "© OpenStreetMap contributors."
Vertical structure
Canopy Height
Description of the parameter
Top-of-canopy height (m) from the Meta AI global 1 m canopy height model.
Calculation method
Directly sourced from the Meta AI Tree Canopy Height v1 dataset (GEE community catalog); no additional calculations beyond reprojection/tiling for the Habitat Data Hub domain.
Measure units
Metres (m).
Native resolution
1 m native canopy height model; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid for display.
Source
Meta AI Tree Canopy Height v1 (GEE Community Catalog meta_trees), Meta AI / FAIR.
Licence of use
CC BY 4.0 (attribution required); cite as "Meta AI Tree Canopy Height v1 (Meta/FAIR), processed via GEE Community Catalog."
Vegetation indices
NDVI
Description of the parameter
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index capturing greenness and vegetation vigor.
Calculation method
(NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red) from Sentinel-2 MSI bands (B8 - B4) / (B8 + B4); bands harmonized to 10 m grid.
Measure units
Unitless index (range approx. -1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 B8/B4 at 10 m; output grid 10 m/pixel (EPSG:3035).
Source
Copernicus Sentinel-2 Level-2A MSI surface reflectance (ESA/Copernicus).
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).
NDMI
Description of the parameter
Normalized Difference Moisture Index indicating vegetation and canopy moisture.
Calculation method
(NIR - SWIR1) / (NIR + SWIR1) from Sentinel-2 MSI bands (B8 - B11) / (B8 + B11); B11 resampled to 10 m.
Measure units
Unitless index (range approx. -1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 B8 at 10 m, B11 at 20 m resampled to 10 m; output grid 10 m/pixel (EPSG:3035).
Source
Copernicus Sentinel-2 Level-2A MSI surface reflectance (ESA/Copernicus).
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).
MSI
Description of the parameter
Moisture Stress Index highlighting vegetation water stress via SWIR/NIR ratio.
Calculation method
SWIR1 / NIR using Sentinel-2 bands B11 / B8; B11 resampled to 10 m.
Measure units
Unitless ratio (higher values indicate drier conditions).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 B8 at 10 m, B11 at 20 m resampled to 10 m; output grid 10 m/pixel (EPSG:3035).
Source
Copernicus Sentinel-2 Level-2A MSI surface reflectance (ESA/Copernicus).
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).
FVC
Description of the parameter
Fractional Vegetation Cover representing the proportion of ground covered by vegetation.
Calculation method
Derived from NDVI using linear scaling between bare soil and full vegetation thresholds within the OpenPAS processing pipeline.
Measure units
Fraction (0–1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS processing pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived from Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).
Land cover
LGBM Prediction
Description of the parameter
LightGBM land-cover classification output for the target year, assigning each pixel to a discrete land-cover class.
Calculation method
LightGBM classifier trained on reference land-cover data and multi-temporal Sentinel-2 features; outputs categorical land-cover classes.
Measure units
Land-cover class codes.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM land-cover model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
LGBM Confidence
Description of the parameter
Model confidence for the predicted land-cover class, expressed as the maximum class probability from the LightGBM classifier.
Calculation method
Maximum class probability from the LightGBM softmax output.
Measure units
Probability (0–1).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM land-cover model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Grassland Probability
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel probability (0–1) of grassland presence as predicted by the LightGBM grassland model.
Calculation method
Class probability assigned to the grassland class by the LightGBM softmax classifier.
Measure units
Probability (0–1).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM grassland model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Biodiversity
GBIF occurrences
Description of the parameter
Biodiversity species occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for each study region, displayed as georeferenced point observations.
Calculation method
GBIF occurrence download filtered to each study region's bounding box; georeferenced records displayed at reported coordinate precision.
Measure units
Point vector (species occurrence records with coordinates, date, and taxon).
Native resolution
Point observations at reported coordinate precision (varies by record).
Source
GBIF.org occurrence download; cite as: GBIF.org (year) GBIF Occurrence Download, DOI per download.
Licence of use
Individual records published under CC BY or CC0 by data providers; see per-download DOI for full licence details.
Aggregated conservation status
Aggregated conservation status - structure and function
1. Locate habitat cellsOfficial habitat polygons are intersected with a 1 km assessment grid.
2. Read fixed variablesOnly the approved structure-and-function variables listed below are used.
3. Score by habitat percentilesEach value is compared only with cells where the same habitat occurs.
4. Average and classifyValid variable scores are averaged and translated to FV, U1, U2 or XX.

How values are judged

pressure_highHigh percentiles are worse. Used for bare soil, roads and erosion.
pressure_lowLow percentiles are worse. Used for model confidence and grassland probability.
anomalyThe centre of the habitat distribution is best; both tails are riskier.

The pillar combines signs of vegetation condition, soil condition, physical disturbance and mapping confidence. Each sign is judged relative to the same habitat type.

Pillar thresholds

StatusMeaningScore
FVFavourable0.70-1.00
U1Inadequate0.40-0.69
U2Bad0.00-0.39
XXUnknownNo valid score
Description of the parameter
Conservation status for the structure-and-function pillar. It summarizes whether the habitat cell looks structurally healthy, based on vegetation, soil, terrain, disturbance and model-confidence indicators.
Assessment unit
The assessment unit is AOI x grid_id x habitat_code on the 1000 m EPSG:3035 grid intersected with official habitat cartography. A single grid cell can therefore produce several features if several habitats are present. All percentile distributions and status assignments are calculated independently per habitat code.
Variables, rules and weights
VariableValue calculatedEvaluation ruleWeight
ndviRaster zonal mean.anomaly: central habitat values are best; both tails are riskier.1
ndmiRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
msiRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
fvcRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
bsiRaster zonal mean.pressure_high: high values are worse.1
road_density_staticRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
rusle_staticRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
canopyheight_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
socs_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
ph_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
bdod_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
cec_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
cfvo_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
clay_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
sand_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
silt_staticRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
lgbm_confidenceRaster zonal mean.pressure_low: low values are worse.1
lgbm_grassland_probabilityRaster zonal mean.pressure_low1
How each variable is scored
For each variable and habitat, values are ranked from 0 to 1 within the same habitat. pressure_high uses score = 1 - rank. pressure_low uses score = rank. anomaly uses score = 1 - min(abs(rank - 0.5) / 0.5, 1). Variables with fewer than 5 valid habitat-specific values are ignored for that habitat.
Weights and pillar score
All valid variables have equal weight: weight_i = 1. Missing values are excluded from both numerator and denominator. structure_function_score = sum(weight_i * score_i) / sum(weight_i), with all valid weights equal to 1. The contributing count is stored in structure_function_indicator_count.
Temporal reproducibility
The score is based on the fixed approved variable list shown above, not on every layer currently visible in the Active Layers catalog. Future annual runs should update the same source variables for the new year; the scoring formulas, equal weighting and FV/U1/U2/XX thresholds remain the same for this method version.
Raster extraction
Each variable is extracted as the mean value inside the grid cell after nodata masking. The value is attached to each habitat feature in that grid cell, then ranked only against other features of the same habitat code.
Status thresholds
FV means structure_function_score >= 0.70; U1 means 0.40 <= score < 0.70; U2 means score < 0.40; XX means no valid pillar score. The layer style uses these categorical values directly, not the overall status.
Published fields
Main fields include habitat_code, habitat_name, structure_function_score, structure_function_status, structure_function_status_code, overall_score, overall_status, confidence_score, and data-completeness fields.
Source
Derived from OpenPAS registered raster/vector products and official habitat cartography. No new external datasets are downloaded for this aggregation.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and official habitat datasets.
M1: Habitat SegNet
M1: Habitat SegNet — habitat prediction
Description of the parameter
Modelled habitat map that assigns each pixel to the most likely broad habitat or land-cover group. Designed as a screening layer to help explore likely habitat patterns; not a replacement for official habitat cartography.
Calculation method
Semantic-segmentation model fine-tuned from the NASA/IBM Prithvi-EO-2.0 300M geospatial foundation model. The encoder starts from a vision-transformer model pre-trained on global Earth-observation imagery. For OpenPAS, the encoder is kept mostly frozen, low-rank LoRA adapters are added to attention and MLP layers, and a UNet-style decoder is trained to produce dense pixel labels. This keeps the general spectral, seasonal and spatial knowledge of the foundation model while adapting it to Natura 2000 grassland habitats.
Training data and labels
Training uses multi-temporal Sentinel-2/Landsat-derived image cubes and habitat label rasters prepared in the Darwin MLOps pipeline. Official habitat polygons are rasterized, complemented with corrected CLC+ Backbone context classes, and remapped into the OpenPAS habitat scheme. The target scheme includes Annex I grassland classes such as 6110, 6210/6230, 6220, 6310, 6510/6520, plus context classes such as forest, scrub/heath, rocky or bare surfaces, water, wetland, urban/sealed and agricultural land.
Model training
The M1 fine-tuning recipe samples overlapping image tiles from the pilot areas, applies geometric augmentation, and trains the LoRA adapters plus decoder with AdamW. The loss combines weighted cross-entropy for per-pixel class assignment with Lovasz-Softmax to improve intersection-over-union on rare habitat classes. Class weights are frequency-aware but capped/floored so extremely rare context classes do not dominate training. Validation monitors macro metrics such as mean IoU, macro F1 and pixel accuracy, with the best model selected from held-out tiles.
Interpretation
Each pixel stores the most probable class according to the model. Boundaries should be read as model estimates at 10 m, especially where training labels are sparse, mixed habitats occur inside one pixel, or polygons have uncertain boundaries. The layer is best used to prioritise review, identify likely habitat patches, and compare with THIC or field cartography.
Measure units
Categorical class codes.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS / Darwin MLOps habitat-mapping pipeline; model family documented in Darwin_MLOps_Beagle/documentation/prithvi_experiment_gabriel.md.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and Copernicus datasets.
M1: Habitat SegNet — prediction confidence
Description of the parameter
Confidence score associated with each M1 habitat prediction. Higher values mean the model is more certain about the mapped class; lower values indicate areas to interpret with caution.
Calculation method
Per-pixel maximum class probability from the M1 segmentation model softmax output. During inference, overlapping tiles are predicted and averaged before the final class is selected; confidence is the probability assigned to that winning class after this aggregation.
Interpretation
Confidence is a model-internal uncertainty proxy, not a field-validated accuracy guarantee. Low values commonly occur at habitat ecotones, mixed pixels, shadows/cloud artefacts, or places where the spectral signal resembles several classes.
Measure units
Probability score (0–1).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the M1 habitat prediction.
Source
OpenPAS habitat-mapping pipeline (Prithvi-based segmentation model).
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and Copernicus datasets.
M1: Habitat SegNet — target habitat masks
Description of the parameter
Binary model outputs for selected Annex I habitat groups: 6110, 6210+6230, 6220, and 6510+6520. A mapped pixel indicates the model considers that target habitat group likely to be present.
Calculation method
Habitat-specific binary products isolate target Annex I groups from the M1 prediction stack. The published mask is paired with a confidence raster, allowing users to distinguish high-confidence target predictions from weaker candidates.
Training context
The masks inherit the same M1 training base: Prithvi-EO-2.0 features, OpenPAS rasterized habitat labels, CLC+ context labels and the LoRA + UNet decoder fine-tuning strategy. Their role is to expose individual habitat groups that are operationally more useful than the full multiclass map in some pilot areas.
Measure units
Binary mask (1 = target habitat predicted; nodata/background = not predicted). Companion confidence layers use a 0–1 score.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS habitat-specific mapping outputs derived from the M1 segmentation model.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and Copernicus datasets.
M1: Habitat SegNet — habitat change
Description of the parameter
Change layer comparing M1 habitat predictions between two periods. Highlights areas that appear gained, lost, stable or shifted to a different mapped habitat type.
Calculation method
Predicted habitat maps from two dates or seasons are compared pixel by pixel. Results are grouped into simple change classes for map interpretation. This is a derived comparison of M1 outputs, so uncertainty from both dates propagates into the change layer.
Interpretation
Use this layer as an alert surface for possible habitat gain, loss or class shift. Apparent changes should be cross-checked with the confidence rasters, RGB imagery, THIC cartography and field knowledge before being treated as ecological change.
Measure units
Categorical classes (gained, lost, stable, type shift).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the M1 habitat prediction layers.
Source
OpenPAS habitat-mapping change product.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and Copernicus datasets.
M3: ChangeNet
Change Detection
Description of the parameter
Cosine-distance change metric highlighting spectral change between two time periods.
Calculation method
Cosine distance between multi-band feature vectors representing two periods (OpenPAS change-detection pipeline). The M3 workflow first builds Zarr feature stores from Sentinel-2/HLS spectral and temporal indicators, aligns class-label metadata, runs habitat or land-cover prediction for the target period, and then compares the two periods using both class transitions and feature-vector distances.
Model and inputs
M3 uses the Darwin MLOps change-detection chain: feature engineering and label engineering, LightGBM habitat/land-cover inference from Zarr features, and a post-analytics stage that writes a multiband change GeoTIFF. Inputs include the reference labels for period 1, model prediction for period 2, feature vectors for both periods, and the same labels_metadata.json used during training so class meanings remain consistent.
Output meaning
The full M3 product family separates two ideas: categorical change, where pixels are interpreted as gain, loss or stability of the target class, and continuous spectral change, where cosine distance or magnitude measures how much the feature signature moved even if the predicted class did not change. This makes it useful both for habitat-transition mapping and for early-warning areas where vegetation stress or disturbance is visible in the spectra before a class change is confident.
Measure units
Unitless distance (higher values indicate stronger change).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS / Darwin MLOps change-detection pipeline; output-band definitions documented in Darwin_MLOps_Beagle/CHANGE_DETECTION_BANDS_EXPLAINED.md.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
Grassland Change Mask
Description of the parameter
Categorical mask indicating areas where grassland land cover changed between periods.
Calculation method
Derived from land-cover classification transitions and filtered to grassland-related changes.
Measure units
Class codes (change vs. no-change categories).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS land-cover change pipeline.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
LGBM Class Change
Description of the parameter
Categorical change between land-cover classes predicted by the LightGBM model across two periods. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Compares LightGBM predicted classes between periods and encodes class transitions as categorical change codes.
Measure units
Class transition codes.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM land-cover model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
LGBM Module Change
Description of the parameter
Cosine-distance change metric computed between LightGBM feature embeddings for two periods, capturing sub-class spectral change. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Cosine distance between LightGBM feature embeddings for two periods.
Measure units
Unitless distance (higher values indicate stronger change).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM land-cover model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
LGBM Grassland Transitions
Description of the parameter
Transitions between grassland and other land-cover classes as predicted by the LightGBM model. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Derived from LightGBM land-cover class transitions, filtered to grassland-related changes and encoded as per-pixel transition categories.
Measure units
Class transition codes.
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM land-cover model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Grassland Expansion (Strong)
Description of the parameter
Areas where the LightGBM model detects a strong-magnitude transition toward grassland between periods, indicating robust grassland establishment. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Pixels where the grassland class probability has increased beyond a high magnitude threshold between two time periods in the LightGBM model output.
Measure units
Categorical (source class of expansion, per pixel).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM grassland model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Grassland Expansion (Weak)
Description of the parameter
Areas where the LightGBM model detects a weak or moderate-magnitude transition toward grassland between periods. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Pixels where the grassland class probability has increased within a lower magnitude range between two time periods in the LightGBM model output.
Measure units
Categorical (source class of expansion, per pixel).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM grassland model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Grassland Retreat (Strong)
Description of the parameter
Areas where the LightGBM model detects a strong-magnitude transition away from grassland between periods, indicating robust grassland loss. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Pixels where the grassland class probability has decreased beyond a high magnitude threshold between two time periods in the LightGBM model output.
Measure units
Categorical (destination class of retreat, per pixel).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM grassland model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Grassland Retreat (Weak)
Description of the parameter
Areas where the LightGBM model detects a weak or moderate-magnitude transition away from grassland between periods. A _parks variant applies the same analysis constrained to protected park boundaries.
Calculation method
Pixels where the grassland class probability has decreased within a lower magnitude range between two time periods in the LightGBM model output.
Measure units
Categorical (destination class of retreat, per pixel).
Native resolution
10 m grid aligned to the Habitat Data Hub reference grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS machine-learning pipeline (LightGBM grassland model).
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with the licensing of underlying source datasets.
Change Magnitude
Description of the parameter
Total spectral displacement between two time periods, summarising the overall magnitude of change across all spectral bands.
Calculation method
Pixel-wise Euclidean or magnitude norm computed across multi-band Sentinel-2 feature vectors for two periods (OpenPAS change-detection pipeline).
Measure units
Unitless magnitude (higher values indicate stronger overall spectral change).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Sentinel-2 surface reflectance features.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
Spectral Similarity
Description of the parameter
Cosine distance between per-indicator spectral feature vectors for two time periods; measures how different the spectral signatures are.
Calculation method
Cosine distance computed between per-indicator feature vectors at two periods (0 = identical spectra, 2 = opposite spectra).
Measure units
Unitless distance (0–2).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Sentinel-2 surface reflectance features.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
NDVI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel NDVI difference between two time periods; positive values indicate increased greenness, negative values indicate browning.
Calculation method
Difference of NDVI composites (period 2 minus period 1); NDVI computed as (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red) from Sentinel-2 bands B8/B4.
Measure units
Unitless index difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
NDMI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel NDMI difference between two time periods; positive values indicate increased canopy moisture, negative values indicate drying.
Calculation method
Difference of NDMI composites (period 2 minus period 1); NDMI computed as (NIR - SWIR1) / (NIR + SWIR1) from Sentinel-2 bands B8/B11.
Measure units
Unitless index difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
BSI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel BSI difference between two time periods; positive values indicate increased bare soil exposure, negative values indicate soil becoming covered.
Calculation method
Difference of BSI composites (period 2 minus period 1); BSI computed from Sentinel-2 bands B11, B4, B8, B2.
Measure units
Unitless index difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
FVC Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel fractional vegetation cover difference between two time periods; positive values indicate more vegetated cover, negative values indicate loss of cover.
Calculation method
Difference of FVC composites (period 2 minus period 1); FVC derived from NDVI via linear scaling.
Measure units
Fraction difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
MSI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel Moisture Stress Index difference between two time periods; positive values indicate reduced water stress, negative values indicate increased stress.
Calculation method
Difference of MSI composites (period 2 minus period 1); MSI computed as SWIR1 / NIR from Sentinel-2 bands B11/B8.
Measure units
Unitless ratio difference.
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
NDWI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel Normalized Difference Water Index difference between two time periods; positive values indicate increased water content, negative values indicate drying.
Calculation method
Difference of NDWI composites (period 2 minus period 1); NDWI computed from Sentinel-2 NIR and SWIR2 bands.
Measure units
Unitless index difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
NDBI Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel Normalized Difference Built-up Index difference between two time periods; positive values indicate increased built-up area, negative values indicate loss.
Calculation method
Difference of NDBI composites (period 2 minus period 1); NDBI computed from Sentinel-2 SWIR1 and NIR bands.
Measure units
Unitless index difference (–1 to 1).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
RGB Change
Description of the parameter
Per-pixel true-color (RGB) change visualization between two time periods, showing areas where the visible appearance of the landscape has changed.
Calculation method
Difference of Sentinel-2 B4/B3/B2 composite values between two seasonal periods.
Measure units
Surface reflectance difference (unitless).
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 10 m grid (EPSG:3035).
Source
OpenPAS change-detection pipeline using Copernicus Sentinel-2 surface reflectance.
Licence of use
Derived product; use is consistent with Copernicus Sentinel data licensing.
M4: Species Distribution Models
M4: SDM - species suitability
Description of the parameter
Species Distribution Model raster for characteristic or indicator plant species associated with target Annex I grassland habitats. Each pixel stores predicted environmental suitability for one species inside one pilot area and habitat context. Values near 1 indicate environmental conditions similar to known occurrences; values near 0 indicate low suitability under the fitted model.
Calculation method
The M4 pipeline is implemented in the maxent_species repository. It fetches and reuses raw species occurrences, cleans and taxonomically resolves them, performs spatial thinning and cell deduplication, selects environmental predictors, generates background points, trains a MaxEnt-style presence-background model, optionally combines it with Random Forest for well-sampled species, and exports timestamped prediction rasters for each requested AOI.
Occurrence data
Occurrences are obtained from GBIF and, where configured, iNaturalist. The workflow stores raw occurrences under data/occurrences/{train_aoi}/{species}/raw.geojson so runs are reproducible and do not silently change when external portals update. Records are normalised, filtered by coordinate quality, taxon match and uncertainty settings, then thinned at the configured spatial distance to reduce sampling bias from clustered observations.
Environmental predictors
Predictors are assembled as aligned rasters for the continental training AOI and may include climate, topography, soil and Habitat Data Hub remote-sensing layers. The variable assessment step writes approved_variables.json; correlated variables are filtered using the configured threshold, and each species may use fewer predictors depending on available presence records.
Model output
The published raster is continuous suitability from 0 to 1. In the current Active Layers catalog, M4 layers are tenant products under raster/temporal/m4_SDM/2025/{habitat_code}/, at 30 m resolution, with metadata identifying the species, pilot area, habitat code and model source.
Measure units
Relative suitability / occurrence probability score, unitless, normally 0-1.
Native resolution
30 m output grid for the published M4 SDM rasters.
Source
OpenPAS M4 Species Distribution Model pipeline; implementation and methodology documented in maxent_species/README.md and maxent_species/docs/sdm_pipeline.md.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of GBIF/iNaturalist occurrences, environmental predictors and OpenPAS products used in training.
M4: SDM - training and validation
Description of the parameter
Methodological metadata for how each M4 species model is fitted, selected and interpreted. This documentation applies to the M4 suitability rasters rather than being a separate map layer.
Training strategy
The workflow chooses model complexity by the number of usable presences after cleaning and thinning. Tier A species with at least 200 presences can use up to 15 variables and MaxEnt feature classes Linear, Quadratic and Hinge, combined with a Random Forest ensemble. Tier B species with 80-199 presences can use up to 10 variables with the same model family. Tier C species with 30-79 presences use MaxEnt with Linear and Quadratic features only. Tier D species with 15-29 presences use a simpler linear MaxEnt model. Species with fewer than 15 usable presences are skipped.
Background and accessible area
For each species, the calibration area M is computed from dissolved occurrence buffers with a fixed 75 km buffer. Background points are generated inside this accessible area using target-group background when enough pooled species records are available; otherwise the pipeline combines target-group and random background, or falls back to random background. The selected background mode is recorded in training_metadata.json.
Validation and model selection
Scaling and hinge thresholds are fitted inside each spatial cross-validation fold to avoid leakage. Model selection prioritises held-out fold performance rather than training-fit scores. Random Forest ensemble weights, when used, are also based on held-out cross-validation performance. Reported diagnostics include AUC-style discrimination metrics and Boyce-like suitability checks, but the final map should still be interpreted as a screening model, not as confirmed presence.
Published artifacts
The canonical training table is written to output/{species}/training/training.csv. Models and predictions are versioned under timestamped folders, preserving the history of reruns. Prediction rasters are then aligned and published to the Habitat Data Hub tenant catalog.
Source
maxent_species project runner and SDM workflow.
Licence of use
Derived methodological metadata; underlying data licences apply.
M4: SDM - accessible-area mask
Description of the parameter
Spatial mask used to limit SDM predictions to the species calibration geography. It prevents the model from being interpreted far outside the environmental and geographic domain represented by known occurrences.
Calculation method
The accessible area is computed from species occurrence points and the continental training AOI. The current production rule dissolves point buffers and applies a fixed 75 km buffer. The prediction raster is masked to this area when the accessible-area geometry is available.
Interpretation
Pixels outside the mask are not evaluated as low suitability; they are outside the model's calibrated prediction domain. Inside the mask, suitability still depends on the environmental predictors and should be read together with occurrence density, validation metrics and ecological expertise.
Measure units
Binary mask / spatial domain definition.
Native resolution
Applied to the 30 m M4 prediction grid.
Source
maxent_species accessible-area and prediction workflow.
Licence of use
Derived project product; underlying occurrence and environmental-data licences apply.
Fire history
Burned areas
Description of the parameter
Historical fire perimeters showing the extent of burned areas in each study region, providing a record of past fire disturbances.
Calculation method
Fire perimeter polygons from national fire databases and EFFIS; reprojected and displayed per study region.
Measure units
Polygon vector (fire event perimeters with date and area attributes).
Native resolution
Polygon vector; minimum mapping unit varies by source database.
Source
National fire databases: Spain (MAPAMA/MITERD), Portugal (ICNF/SGIF), France (BDIFF); European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS, effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu).
Licence of use
Open governmental data; national terms apply per source country. EFFIS data: © European Union, JRC.
Fragmentation and habitat loss
Grassland MSPA
Description of the parameter
Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) of grassland patches, classifying each grassland pixel into structural roles (Core, Islet, Perforation, Edge, Loop, Bridge, Branch). It identifies habitat-network structure, edge exposure, isolated fragments and potential corridors used by the conservation-status aggregation.
Calculation method
Binary grassland mask (CLC+ Backbone class 6 = Permanent herbaceous) processed with the GUIDOS MSPA algorithm at 10 m resolution using 8-connectivity and a 50 m edge width threshold (5 pixels). In the conservation-status aggregation, MSPA classes are scored directly: Core has the highest score, isolated and branch classes have lower scores, and unsupported values fall back to the percentile anomaly rule.
Measure units
Categorical classes (0 = Background, 1 = Core, 2 = Islet, 3 = Perforation, 4 = Edge, 5 = Loop, 6 = Bridge, 7 = Branch).
Native resolution
10 m grid (EPSG:3035), derived from CLC+ Backbone at 10 m; aligned to the Habitat Data Hub grid for visualization.
Source
Derived from CLC+ Backbone (ESA/Copernicus) using the GUIDOS MSPA algorithm (JRC); processed as an OpenPAS fragmentation layer.
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus data (open data, attribution required). GUIDOS/MSPA algorithm: free for non-commercial research use; cite "Vogt et al., MSPA — JRC."
PC Index
Description of the parameter
Probability of Connectivity (PC) index quantifying functional landscape connectivity for grassland patches. The per-patch dPC metric expresses each patch's percentage contribution to the overall landscape PC value; higher dPC patches are more important stepping stones for species dispersal across the network.
Calculation method
Binary grassland mask is converted to habitat patches; pairwise dispersal probabilities are estimated with an exponential distance-decay kernel using a default dispersal distance of 1000 m. Landscape PC is computed from patch areas and pairwise probabilities, and per-patch dPC is the percentage decrease in landscape PC when each patch is removed.
Measure units
dPC: percentage contribution to landscape PC (0–100%). Values ≥ 30% indicate exceptionally critical patches.
Native resolution
Polygon vector at 10 m input resolution (CLC+ Backbone class 6); output patches with per-patch dPC attribute.
Source
Derived from CLC+ Backbone (ESA/Copernicus); PC algorithm based on Saura & Pascual-Hortal (2007) Landscape Ecol.
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus data (open data, attribution required). PC methodology: Saura & Pascual-Hortal (2007); implementation free for research use.
Climate change
Summer precipitation
Description of the parameter
Total precipitation accumulated during the summer season (June–August). Tracks interannual variability of summer rainfall, a key driver of grassland productivity and drought stress.
Calculation method
Monthly precipitation grids aggregated for June, July, and August of each year.
Measure units
Millimetres (mm) per summer season.
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km); aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid.
Source
WorldClim / ERA5-Land reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Change Service).
Licence of use
Copernicus Climate Data Store licence (free, attribution required).
Summer temperature
Description of the parameter
Mean air temperature during the summer season (June–August). Monitors heat-stress trends that affect grassland species composition and phenology.
Calculation method
Monthly mean temperature grids averaged for June, July, and August of each year.
Measure units
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Native resolution
~30 arc-seconds (~1 km); aligned to Habitat Data Hub grid.
Source
WorldClim / ERA5-Land reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Change Service).
Licence of use
Copernicus Climate Data Store licence (free, attribution required).
Aggregated conservation status
Aggregated conservation status - future prospects
1. Locate habitat cellsOfficial habitat polygons are intersected with a 1 km assessment grid.
2. Read fixed variablesOnly the approved future-prospects variables listed below are used.
3. Score by habitat percentilesEach value is compared only with cells where the same habitat occurs.
4. Average and classifyValid variable scores are averaged and translated to FV, U1, U2 or XX.

How values are judged

pressure_highHigh percentiles are worse. Used for fire, change intensity, retreat and temperature stress.
pressure_lowLow percentiles are worse. Used for connectivity and grassland expansion.
anomaly / MSPASome variables use central percentile scoring; MSPA classes use fixed class scores.

This pillar is about expected resilience and future risk. It does not contain the final all-pillar status; that is documented separately in the next indicator.

Pillar thresholds

StatusMeaningScore
FVFavourable0.70-1.00
U1Inadequate0.40-0.69
U2Bad0.00-0.39
XXUnknownNo valid score
Description of the parameter
Conservation status for the future-prospects pillar. It summarizes whether the habitat cell appears resilient or at risk when recent pressures, fragmentation, connectivity, change detection and climate-related indicators are considered.
Assessment unit
The product uses the same 1000 m EPSG:3035 habitat-grid as the other pillars. The output has one feature per AOI x grid_id x habitat_code, with repeated grid cells when multiple habitats occur in the same cell. Percentile distributions are calculated separately for each habitat code.
Variables, rules and weights
VariableValue calculatedEvaluation ruleWeight
burned_area_fractionBurned area intersecting the grid cell divided by grid-cell area.pressure_high: high values are worse.1
mspaRaster zonal mean of MSPA class values.categorical_mspa: fixed class scores.1
pcRaster zonal mean.pressure_low: low connectivity is worse.1
change_detectionRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
change_magnitudeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
change_cosineRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
grassland_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
lgbm_class_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
lgbm_module_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
lgbm_grassland_transitionsRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
lgbm_grassland_expansion_strongRaster zonal mean.pressure_low: low expansion is worse.1
lgbm_grassland_expansion_weakRaster zonal mean.pressure_low1
lgbm_grassland_retreat_strongRaster zonal mean.pressure_high: high retreat is worse.1
lgbm_grassland_retreat_weakRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
ndvi_changeRaster zonal mean.anomaly: central habitat values are best; both tails are riskier.1
ndmi_changeRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
bsi_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
fvc_changeRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
msi_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
ndwi_changeRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
ndbi_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
rgb_changeRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
tavg_summerRaster zonal mean.pressure_high1
prcp_summerRaster zonal mean.anomaly1
How each variable is scored
For each variable and habitat, values are ranked from 0 to 1 within the same habitat. pressure_high uses score = 1 - rank. pressure_low uses score = rank. anomaly uses score = 1 - min(abs(rank - 0.5) / 0.5, 1). categorical_mspa uses fixed class scores: Core 1.00, Perforation 0.55, Edge 0.45, Loop 0.35, Bridge 0.35, Branch 0.25, Islet 0.20. Unknown MSPA values fall back to anomaly scoring. Variables with fewer than 5 valid habitat-specific values are ignored.
Weights and pillar score
All valid future-prospects variables have equal weight: weight_i = 1. Missing variables are excluded rather than treated as zero. future_prospects_score = sum(weight_i * score_i) / sum(weight_i), with all valid weights equal to 1. future_prospects_indicator_count records the number of contributing variables.
Temporal reproducibility
The future-prospects aggregation is intentionally static at method level: the accepted variables are fixed, and new Active Layers are ignored unless they replace one of those approved variables. To update the assessment for a future year, publish the same source variables with the new dates and rerun the assessment for that year.
Pillar thresholds
FV means future_prospects_score >= 0.70; U1 means 0.40 <= score < 0.70; U2 means score < 0.40; XX means no valid future-prospects score.
Published fields
Main fields include habitat_code, habitat_name, future_prospects_score, future_prospects_status, future_prospects_status_code, overall_score, overall_status, overall_status_code, confidence_score, and data-completeness fields. The map style for this layer uses future_prospects_status, not overall_status.
Source
Derived from OpenPAS registered datasets and official habitat cartography. No new external datasets are downloaded for this aggregation.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and official habitat datasets.
Aggregated conservation status - final status
1. Use pillar scoresOccupied area, structure and function, and future prospects are read for the same habitat cell.
2. Check completenessAt least two pillars need a valid score for a final status.
3. Average pillarsThe final numeric score is the unweighted mean of known pillar scores.
4. Assign final statusThe composite score is translated to FV, U1, U2 or XX.

From pillars to final status

occupied area + structure & function + future prospects = mean of available pillar scores

The final status is not a fourth pillar. It is a compact summary of the three pillar scores for the same AOI, grid cell and habitat code.

Final status thresholds

StatusMeaningFinal score
FVFavourable0.54-1.00
U1Inadequate0.51-0.53
U2Bad0.00-0.50
XXUnknownFewer than two known pillars
Description of the parameter
Final conservation status for each habitat cell. It summarizes the three Habitats Directive assessment pillars after each pillar has already been calculated with its own fixed variables, weights and thresholds.
Assessment unit
The same AOI x grid_id x habitat_code feature used by the three pillar layers. If several habitats occur in one grid cell, each habitat receives its own final score and final status.
Inputs and weights
Input pillarInput fieldRuleWeight
Occupied areaoccupied_area_scoreUsed when the occupied-area pillar has at least one valid contributing variable.1
Structure and functionstructure_function_scoreUsed when the structure-and-function pillar has at least one valid contributing variable.1
Future prospectsfuture_prospects_scoreUsed when the future-prospects pillar has at least one valid contributing variable.1
Formula
The final score is an unweighted arithmetic mean of the known pillar scores. Missing pillar scores are ignored in the numeric mean, but at least two known pillars are required for a final categorical status. overall_score = mean(occupied_area_score, structure_function_score, future_prospects_score) over available pillars.
Confidence and completeness
confidence_score is the share of pillars with at least one valid variable: count(known pillars) / 3. data_completeness_pct is confidence_score * 100. Records with confidence_score < 0.67 are flagged as low_confidence, which normally means fewer than two pillars have data.
Status thresholds
FV means overall_score >= 0.54; U1 means 0.51 <= score < 0.54; U2 means score < 0.51; XX means fewer than two pillars have valid scores. These final thresholds are intentionally close to the composite-score centre because the source variables are percentile-based and many values naturally concentrate around 0.5.
AOI and habitat summaries
Summary values are aggregated by AOI x habitat_code. Habitat area is summed from the habitat-grid intersections; percentage of AOI is habitat area / AOI area * 100; final status areas are summed by overall_status. AOI-level pillar and overall scores use habitat-area weighted means, so larger habitat fragments contribute more to the habitat summary.
Published fields
Main fields include overall_score, overall_status, overall_status_code, confidence_score, data_completeness_pct, data_flags, plus the three pillar scores and statuses used to calculate the final result.
Source
Derived from the three OpenPAS aggregated conservation-status pillars and official habitat cartography. No new external datasets are downloaded for this aggregation.
Licence of use
Derived project product; reuse follows the licences and attribution requirements of the underlying OpenPAS and official habitat datasets.
Raw imagery
RGB
Description of the parameter
True-color imagery composites (red, green, blue) for seasonal visualization. Available for summer and winter windows, 2018–2025.
Calculation method
Sentinel-2 MSI surface reflectance bands B4/B3/B2 composited for seasonal windows (summer and winter), cloud-masked and resampled to the Habitat Data Hub 10 m grid.
Measure units
Surface reflectance (unitless) visualized as RGB.
Native resolution
Sentinel-2 B4/B3/B2 at 10 m; output grid 10 m/pixel (EPSG:3035).
Source
Copernicus Sentinel-2 Level-2A MSI surface reflectance (ESA/Copernicus), accessed via Copernicus Data Space / open hubs.
Licence of use
© European Union, Copernicus Sentinel data (open data, attribution required).